Health & Environment Studies
Refinery Studies
Vehicle Studies
Abbott, P.J. (1987). Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (mmt®) in petrol: the toxicological issues. The Science of the Total Environment, 67, pp. 247-255.
Anderson, G.E., Rosenbaum, A.S. & Gardner, L. A. (1991). Modeling of manganese exposure in mobile populations. Systems Applications International, San Rafael, CA.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1998). Toxicological Profile for Manganese and Compounds.
Bhuie, A.K., & Roy, D.N. (2001). Deposition of Mn from automobile combustion of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl beside major highways in the greater Toronto area. Canada Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 51, pp. 1288-1301.
Brault, N., Loranger, S., Courchesne, F., Kennedy, G. & Zayed, J. (1994). Bioaccumulation of manganese in plants: influence of mmt® as gasoline additive. Science of the Total Environment, 153, pp. 77-84.
Brennerman K., Wong, B., Buccellato, M., Costa, E., Gross, E., & Dorman, D. (2000). Direct olfactory transport of inhaled manganese (54MnCl2) to the rat brain: Toxicokinetic investigations in a unilateral nasal occlusion model. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 169, pp. 238-248.
Brenneman, K.A., Cattley, R.C., Ali, S.F., and Dorman, D.C. (1999) Manganese-Induced developmental neurotoxity in the CD Rat: Is oxidative damage a mechanism of action? Neurotoxicology 20 (2-3), pp. 477-488.
Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB). (1986). An assessment of the effect of mmt® on light-duty vehicle exhaust emissions in the Canadian environment. Working Group of the Canadian General Standards Board, Gasoline and Alternative Fuels Committee. Ottawa, Ontario.
Clayton, C.A., Pellizzari, E.D., Rodes, C.E., Mason, R.E., & Piper, L.L. (1999). Estimating distributions of long-term particulate matter and manganese exposures for residents of Toronto, Canada. Atmospheric Environment 33: pp. 2515-2526.
Communaute Urbaine de Montreal (CUM). (1993). Rapport Annuel de Qualite de l'Air: Sommaire des Resultants 1992. Montreal, Quebec.
Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB). (1986). An assessment of the effect of mmt® on light-duty vehicle exhaust emissions in the Canadian environment. Working Group of the Canadian General Standards Board, Gasoline and Alternative Fuels Committee. Ottawa, Ontario.
Coe, M., Cruz, J.R., & Van Loon, J.C. (1980). Determination of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl by gas chromatography-atomic absorption chromatography at mg/m3 levels in air samples. Analytica Chimica Acta. 120, pp. 171-176.
Colmenares, C., Deutsch, S., Evans, C. Nelson, A.J, Terminello, L.J., Reynolds, J.G. Roos, J.W., and Smith I.L. (1999). Analysis of manganese particulates from automotive decomposition of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. Applied Surface Science 151, pp. 189-202.
Cooper ,W.C. (1984). The health implications of increased manganese in the environment resulting from the combustion of fuel additives: a review of the literature. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 14, pp. 23-46.
Coulston, F. & Griffin, T. (1976). Inhalation toxicology of airborne particulate manganese in rhesus monkeys. EPA contract 68-02-0170, Institute of Comparative and Human Toxicology, Albany Medical College, NY and Holloman Air Force Base, NM.
Crump, K.S., Shipp, A.M., Clewel, H.J., & Gentry, P.R. (1994). Critical review of EPA's revised manganese RfC. ICF Kaiser, Ruston, LA.
Crump, K.S. (2000). Manganese exposure in Toronto during use of the gasoline additives methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. Journal of Exposure Analysis And Environmental Epidemiology 10, pp. 227-239.
^ top
Davis, D.W., Hsiao, K., Ingels, R., & Shikiya, J. (1988). Origins of manganese in air particulates in California. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 38, pp. 1152-1157.
DeHuff, G.L. (1973). Manganese in the ecosystem. In: Medical and biologic effects of environmental pollutants: manganese. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
Donaldson, J. (1988). Manganese and human health. Manganese in the Canadian Environment. Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, National Research Council Canada, NRCC number 26193.
Dorman, D.C., Struve, M.F., Vitarella, D., Byerty, F.L., Goetz, J., & Miller, R. (2000). Neurotoxicity of manganese chloride in neonatal and adult CD Rats following subchronic (21 day) high-dose oral exposure. Journal of Applied Toxicology 20, pp. 179-187.
Dorman, D.C., Struve, M.F., James, R.A., McManus, B.E., Marshall, M.W., & Wong, B.A. (2001). Influence of dietary manganese of the pharmacokinetics of inhaled manganese sulfate in male CD Rats. Toxicological Sciences 60, pp. 242-251.
Dorman, D.C., Struve, M.F., James, R.A., Marshall, M.W., Parkinson, C.U., & Wong, B.A. (2001). Influence of particle solubility on the delivery of inhaled manganese to the rat brain: Manganese sulfate and manganese tetroxide pharmacokinetics following repeated (14-Day) exposure. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 170, pp. 79-87.
Dorman, D.C., Brenneman, K.A., McElveen, A., Lynch, S.E., Roberts, K.E. & Wong, B.A. (2002). Olfactory transport: A direct route of delivery of inhaled manganese phosphate to the rat brain," Submitted to Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health.
Dorman, D.C., Struve, M.F. & Wong, B.A. (2002). Brain Manganese concentrations in rats following manganese tetroxide inhalation are unaffected by dietary manganese intake. NeuroToxicology 23, 185-195.
Dynamac Corporation. (1983). Chemical hazard information profile: methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. EPA Contract No. 68-01-6239, draft report submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Assessment Division, Washington, D.C.
Environment Canada. (1987). National inventory of sources and emissions of manganese - 1984. EPS 5/MM/1, Conservation and Protection, Environmental Analysis Branch, Ottawa, Ontario.
Ethyl Corporation. (1991). An emission study of HiTEC® 3000 Performance Additive: the manganese balance project. Appendix 12 of July 12th, 1991 waiver application to the U.S. EPA.
Forget, E., Courchesne, F., Kennedy, G., & Zayed, J. (1994). Response of the Blue Spruce (Picea pungens) to manganese pollution from MMT®. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 73, pp. 319-324.
Garrec, J.P. & Kudo, A. (1985). Distribution and accumulation of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (mmt®-antidetonating agent) in an experimental freshwater ecosystem. Environmental Pollution, Series B, 10, pp. 173-188.
Garrison, A.W., Cipollone, M.G., Wolfe, N. L., & Swank, Jr., R. R. (1995). Environmental fate of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 14, No. 11, pp. 1859-1864.
Health and Welfare Canada. (1978). Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (mmt®): an assessment of the human health implications of its use as a gasoline additive. Environmental Health Directorate. Ottawa, Ontario 78-EHD-21.
Health Canada. (1994). Risk Assessment for the combustion products of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (mmt®) in gasoline. Environmental Health Directorate.
Hinderer, R.K. (1979). Toxicity studies of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (mmt®). American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 40, pp. 164-167.
Hurley, L.S. & Keen, C.L. (1987). Manganese. In: Mertz, W. (editor) Trace elements in human animal nutrition. Academic Press, New York, pp. 185-223.
Jaques, A.P. (1987). National Inventory of Sources and Emissions of Manganese - 1984. Conservation and Protection, Environmental Analysis Branch, Environment Canada Report EPS 5/MM/1.
Loranger, S. & Zayed, J. (1994) Manganese contamination in Montreal in relation to traffic density. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 74, pp. 385-396.
Loranger, S. & Zayed, J. (1995). Environmental and occupational exposure to manganese: a multimedia assessment. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 67, pp. 101-110.
Lynam, D.R., Pfeifer, G.D., Ter Haar, G.L., & Fort, B.F. (1994). Exposures to manganese-in-air in an urban environment. In Trace Substances, Environment and Health, pp. 21-29.
^ top
Lynam, D.R., Pfeifer, G.D., Fort, B.F., Ter Haar, G.L., & Hollrah, D.P. (1994). Atmospheric exposure to manganese from use of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (mmt®) performance additive. The Science of the Total Environment 146/147: pp. 103-109.
Lynam, D.R., Roos, J.W., Pfeifer, G.D., Fort, B.F., & Pullin, T.G. (1999). Environmental effects and exposure to manganese from use of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (mmt®) in gasoline. Neurotoxicology. 20 (2-3): pp. 145-150.
McGinley, P.A., Morris, J.B., Clay, R.J., & Gianutsos, G. (1987). Disposition and toxicity of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl in the rat. Toxicology Letters, 36, pp. 137-145.
Molders, N., Schilling, P.J., Wong, J., Roos, J.W. & Smith, I.L. (2001). X-ray fluorescence mapping and Micro-XANEX Spectroscopic characterization of exhaust particulates emitted from auto engines burning mmt®-added gasoline." Environmental Science and Technology 35, pp. 3122-3129.
Moore, W., Hysell, D., Miller, R., Malanchuk, M., Hinners, R., Yong, Y. & Stara, J. (1975). Exposure of laboratory animals to atmospheric manganese from automotive emissions. Environmental Research, 9, pp. 274-284.
Moore, W., Hysell, D., Miller, R., Malanchuk, M., Burkart, J. & Hinners, R. (1975). Toxicologic evaluations of fuel additive methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (mmt®). Society of Automotive Engineers. (SAE Paper 750927).
Moran, J.B. (1975). The Environmental implications of manganese as an alternate antiknock. Society of Automotive Engineers. (SAE Paper 750926).
Nelson, A.J., Reynolds, J.G. & Roos, J.W. (2002). Comprehensive characterization of engine deposits from fuel containing mmt®. Science of the Total Environment 295, 183-205.
Normandin, L., Kennedy, G., & Zayed, J. (1999). Potential of dandelion (Taraxocum Officinale) as a bioindicator of manganese arising from the use of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl in unleaded gasoline. Science of the Total Environment 239: pp. 165-171.
Ontario Ministry of the Environment. 1982-1992. Air Quality in Ontario.
Pellizzari, E. D., Mason, R. E., Clayton, C. A., Thomas, K. W., Cooper, S., Piper, L., Rodes, C., Goldberg, M., Roberts, J., & Michael, L. (1998). Final Report - Manganese exposure study (Toronto). Analytical and Chemical Sciences, Research Triangle Institute. (RTI/6312/02-01 F).
Pellizzari, E.D., Claytoon, C.A., Rodes, C.E., Mason, R.E., Piper, L.L., Fort, B., Pfeifer, G. & Lynam, D. (1999) Particulate matter and manganese exposure in Toronto, Canada. Atmospheric Environment 33, pp. 721-734.
Pellizzari, E.D., Clayton, C.A., Rodes, C.E., Mason, R.E., Piper, L.L., Fort, B., Pfeifer, G., and Lynam, D. (2001). Particulate matter and manganese exposures in Indianapolis, Indiana. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 11, 423-440.
Pfeifer, G. D., Harrison, R.M. & Lynam, D. R. (1999). Personal exposure to airborne metals in London taxi drivers and office workers in 1995 and 1996. Science of the Total Environment 235, pp. 253-260.
Pfeifer, G.D., Lynam, D.R., Fort, B.F., & Ter Haar, G.L. (1994). Use of historical metal data to model manganese exposures from mmt® use. In Trace Substances, Environment and Health. pp. 187-195.
Pierson, W.R., McKee, D.E., Brachaczek, W.W., & Butler, J.W. (1978). Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl: effect of manganese emissions from vehicles on the road. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 29, p. 692.
Ressler, T. Wong, J., Roos, J., & Smith I.L. (2000). Quantitative speciation of Mn-bearing particulates emitted from autos burning methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl-(mmt®-) added gasolines using XANES Spectroscopy. Environmental Science and Technology 34, pp. 950-958.
Ressler, T., Wong, T. & Roos, J. (1999). Manganese speciation in exhaust particulates of automobiles using mmt®- containing gasoline. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 6, pp. 656-658.
Riveros-Rosas, H., Pfeifer, G.D., Lynam, D.R., Pedroza, J.L., Julian-Sanchez, A., Canales, O. & Garfias, J. (1997). Personal exposures to elements in Mexico City Air. Science of the Total Environment 198, pp. 79-96.
Roberson, R.L., Impact of HiTEC® 3000 on ambient air manganese concentration & population exposure and dose.
Roos, J.W., Lynam, D.L., Smith, I.L., Pfeifer, G.D. & Reynolds, J.G. (2000) Characterization of combustion products from the fuel additive mmt®. Presented at AWMA 93rd Annual Conference and Exhibition, Salt Lake City, June 18-22.
Roth, H.D. (1990). Analysis of health risk from the addition of HiTEC 3000 to unleaded gasoline at a concentration of .03125 grams of manganese per gallon of gasoline. Roth and Associates.
Systems Application International. (1991). Analysis of EPA manganese emission testing data. Appendix 11 of the July 12th 1991 waiver application by Ethyl Corporation to the U.S. EPA.
^ top
Ter Haar, G.L., Griffing, M.E., Brandt, M., Obering, D. & Kapron, M. (1975). Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl as an antiknock: composition and fate of manganese exhaust products. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 25, pp. 858-860.
Toronto Department of Public Health. (1993). Outdoor air quality in Toronto: issues and concerns. Corporation of the City of Toronto.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (1984). Health Assessment Document for Manganese. EPA 600/8-83-013F.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (1985). Decision not to regulate manganese under the Clean Air Act. Federal Register, 50, p. 32627.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (1990). Comments on the use of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl in unleaded gasoline. Office of Research and Development. Research Triangle Park, NC.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (1994). Fuels and fuel additives; waiver decision/circuit court remand. Federal Register, 59, p. 42227.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (1994). Reevaluation of inhalation health risks associated with methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (mmt®) in gasoline. Office of Research and Development. EPA 600/R-94/062.
Ulrich, C.E., Rinehart, W., & Brandt, M. (1979). Evaluation of the chronic inhalation toxicity of a manganese oxide aerosol III - pulmonary function, electromyograms, limb tremor and tissue manganese data. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 40, pp. 349-353.
Vitarella, D., James, R.A., Miller, K.L., Struve, M.F., Wong, B.A., and Dorman, , D.R. (1998). Development of an Inhalation System of Rat Dams and Pups During Developmental Neurotoxicity Studies. Inhalation Toxicology 10, 1095-1117.
Vitarella, D., Moss, D. & Dorman, D. (2000). Pulmonary clearance of manganese phosphate, manganese sulfate and manganese tetroxide by CD rates following intratracheal instillation. Inhalation Toxicology 12, pp. 941-957.
Vitarella, D., Wong, B.A., Moss, O.R., and Dorman, D.C. (2000). Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Manganese Phosphate in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats Following Subacute (14-Day) Exposure. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 163, 279-285.
Wallace, L. & Slonecker, T. (1997). Ambient air concentration of fine (PM2.5) manganese in U.S. National Parks and California and Canadian Cities: The possible impact of adding mmt® to unleaded gasoline. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 47, pp. 642-652.
Weber, S., Dorman, D.C., Lash, L.H., Erikson, K., Vrana, K.E. & Aschner, M. (2002). Effects of manganese (Mn) on the developing rat brain: Oxidative-stress related endpoints. Neuro Toxicology 23, 169-175.
Yamashita & Vannice, (1996), N2O Decomposition over Manganese Oxides, Journal of Catalysis, 161, pp. 254-262.
Zayed, J., (1993). Occupational and environmental exposure of garage workers and taxi drivers to airborne manganese arising from the use of mmt®. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 55, pp. 53-58.
^ top
Cunningham, L.J. & Roos, J.W. (2001) Reformulating Gasoline for Lower Emissions. World Refining, November.
Hollrah, D.P. & Burns, A.M. (1990). Gasoline blending in the '90's: problems and options. National Petroleum Refiners Association. (NPRA Paper FL-90-114).
Hollrah, D.P. & Burns, A.M. (1991, March 11) mmt® increases octane while reducing emissions. Oil and Gas Journal, pp. 86-91.
Hollrah, D.P. & Roos, J.W. (1997). The role of mmt® in producing environmentally clean fuels. Hydrocarbon Engineering, October 1997.
McChesney, J.M. & Burns, A.M. (1999). Challenges to Gasoline Blending. (NPRA Paper FL-87-99).
Roos, J.W., Cunningham, L.J., Grande, D.G., & Hollrah, D.P. (2002). Reformulating gasoline for lower emissions using the fuel additive mmt®. Society of Automotive Engineers. (SAE Paper 2002-01-2893).
Sabotka & Company, Inc. (1990). Analysis of the effects on the refining industry of allowing HiTEC® 3000 as an additive in gasoline.
Turner, Mason & Company. (1989). Reduced refinery emissions and costs via HiTEC® 3000 in unleaded gasoline. Appendix 6 of May 9, 1990 Ethyl submission in support of waiver application to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Turner, Mason & Company. (1991). Study of effects of HiTEC 3000® use on refinery operations. Appendix 14 of the November 26, 1991 Ethyl submission in support of waiver application to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Unzelman, G.H. & Michalski, G.W. (1979). Octane improvement economics: Antiknocks and alternatives. (NPRA Paper AM-79-46).
iXiong, C., Liu, H., Wei, R. & Lu, C. (2002) Investigation on the stability of MMT® anti-knock additive. Society of Automotive Engineers. (SAE Paper 2002-01-2895).
^ top
Aradi, A. A., Roos, J.W., Fort, Jr., B. F., Lee, E. E., & Davidson, R. I. (1994). The physical and chemical effect of manganese oxides on automobile catalytic converters. Society of Automotive Engineers. (SAE Paper 940747).
Benson, J. D., (1979). Results of Coordinating Research Council mmt® field-test program. Society of Automotive Engineers. (SAE Paper 790706).
Benson, J. D. & Dana, D. (2002). The impact of mmt® gasoline additive on exhaust emissions and fuel economy of low emission vehicles (LEV). Society of Automotive Engineers. (SAE Paper 2002-01-2894). (See Ethyl SAE paper 2002-01-2903).
Faggan, J. E., Bailie, J. D., Desmond, E. A., & Lenane, D. L. (1975). An evaluation of manganese as an antiknock in unleaded gasoline. Society of Automotive Engineers. (SAE Paper 750025).
Guinther, G. H., Human, D. M., Miller, K. T., Roos, J. W., & Schwab S. D. (2002). The role that methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (mmt®) can play in improving low-temperature performance of diesel particulate traps. Society of Automotive Engineers. (SAE Paper 2002-01-2728).
Hinkamp, J. B. (1983, September 12). Study rates alcohols as octane blending agents. Oil and Gas Journal, pp. 170-178.
Hollrah, D. P. & Burns, A. M. (1991, March 11) mmt® increases octane while reducing emissions. Oil and Gas Journal, pp. 86-91.
Koike, N., & Odaka, M. (1996) Methane and nitrous oxide emission characteristics from automobiles. (SAE Paper 960061).
Lenane, D. L. (1978). Effect of mmt® on emissions from production cars. Society of Automotive Engineers. (SAE Paper 780003).
Lenane, D. L. (1990). Effect of mmt® on emission control systems. Society of Automotive Engineers. (SAE Paper 902097).
Lenane, D. L., Fort, B. F., Ter Haar, G. L., Lynam, D. R. & Pfeifer, G. D. (1994). Emission results from a 48-car test evaluation of MMT® performance additive. The Science of the Total Environment 146/147: 245-251.
Meffert, M.W., Lenane, D.L., Openshaw, M., Roos, J.W. (2000). Analysis of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Light Duty Passenger Cars. Society of Automotive Engineers. (SAE Paper 2000-01-1952).
Nelson, A.J., Reynolds, J.G., & Roos, W.R. (2002). Comprehensive characterization of engine deposits from fuel containing mmt®. The Science of the Total Environment, 295:183-205.
Roos, J. W., Hollrah, D. P., Guinther, G.H. & Cunningham, L. J. (2002). A peer-reviewed critical analysis of SAE Paper 2002-01-2894 "The impact of mmt® gasoline additive on exhaust emissions and fuel economy of low emission vehicles (LEV). Society of Automotive Engineers. (SAE Paper 2002-01-2903).
Roos, J. W. (1995). Impact of fuels on diagnostic performance. SAE OBD-II Update Topical Technical Workshop, September 7, 1995, Traverse City, MI: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Roos, J. W. (1994). The effect of manganese oxides on OBD-II catalytic converter monitoring. Society of Automotive Engineers. (SAE Paper 942056).
Roos,J.W., Scull, H.M., Dykes, K.L., Hotchkiss, A.R., Grande, D.G., Lenane, D.L. (1997). Evaluation of On-Board Diagnostic Systems and the Impact of Gasoline Containing mmt®. (SAE Paper 972849).
Roos, J.W., Lenane, D.L., Dykes, K.L., & Scull, H.M. (2000). A systems approach to improved exhaust catalyst durability: The role of the mmt® fuel additive. Society of Automotive Engineers. (SAE Paper 2000-01-1880).
Williamson, W. B., Gandhi, H. S., & Weaver, E. E. (1982). Effects of fuel additive mmt® on contaminant retention and catalyst performance. Society of Automotive Engineers. (SAE Paper 821193).